ARCHIVED - Immigration and the Vitality of Canada's Official Language Communities: Policy, Demography and Identity

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Jack Jedwab

McGill Institute for the Study of Canada

Jack Jedwab is Executive Director of the Association for Canadian Studies. From 1994 to 1998 he served as Executive Director of the Quebec Region of the Canadian Jewish Congress. He holds a doctoral degree in Quebec history from Concordia University and currently teaches a course entitled Canada’s Official Language Minorities: History and Demography at the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada.


 

 

 

Page 1 of 9

February 2002

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

I. Introduction

A. Defining the Issues

II. Canada’s Official Language and Immigration policies

A. Official Languages

1. Linguistic Vitality Defined

B. Canada’s Immigration Policy

C. Official Languages and Immigration: Policy Intersections

1. CIC Action Plans on Official Languages

D. Federal-Provincial Immigration Agreements

1. Canada and Quebec: Immigration Agreements
2. Other Immigration Agreements

E. Information Dissemination

1. Canada
2. Quebec

Discussion/Policy Implications

III. Francophones in Canada

A. Immigrants and the Demography of Official Language Communities

1. Knowledge of Official Languages among Immigrants
2. First Official Language Spoken/Initial Contact
3. Mother Tongue
4. Settlement Patterns outside Quebec
5. Rootedness

B. Francophone Immigration: Attraction and Recruitment

1. Source Countries
2. Canada and the United States
3. Categories of Immigrants

C. Integration and Adaptation

1. Canada
2. Quebec
3. Francophone Official Language Minority Communities

D. Institutional Life

1. National Organizations
2. Education
3. Pluralism

E. Mobility

1. Employment and Income
2. Language Transfers
3. Interprovincial Migration

Discussion/Policy Implications

IV. Quebec Anglophones: Immigration and Vitality

A. Immigration and Demography

1. Knowledge of Official Languages
2. Mother Tongue/First Official Language Spoken/Rootedness
3. Settlement Pattern: Montreal and the Rest of Quebec
4. Categories of Immigrants
5. Origins

B. Mobility

1. Employment and Income
2. Language Transfers
3. Interprovincial Migration
4. Role of the Community in Immigrant Integration and Retention

C. CIC’s Action Plans and Quebec Anglophones

Discussion/Policy Implications

V. Conclusion

Recommendations

Bibliography

Tables

  1. Knowledge of official languages among immigrants upon arrival in Canada, 1991-1995 and 1996-2000
  2. Total immigration to Canada by knowledge of official languages upon arrival, to 1996
  3. Immigrants’ knowledge of official languages upon arrival in selected provinces, 1996-1999
  4. Knowledge of French only among immigrants upon arrival in selected provinces, to 1996
  5. Knowledge of English and French among immigrants upon arrival in selected provinces, to 1996
  6. Total number (in thousands) of immigrants in Canada by first official language spoken upon arrival, to 1996
  7. Immigration by mother tongue (French) for Canada and selected provinces, to 1996
  8. Place of birth of mother-tongue Francophones in provinces of Canada, 1996
  9. Place of birth of mother-tongue Francophones in major Canadian cities, 1996
  10. Number of immigrants by country/continent of origin in Canada, Quebec, Ontario, and the other provinces combined, 1996
  11. Immigration from North Africa, France and Haiti to the United States and Canada (Quebec and the rest of Canada), 1991-1996
  12. Language spoken at home for the foreign-born population of the United States five years old and over, 1980 and 1990
  13. Immigrants who know French only, by category of immigrants and share of total immigration, 1996-2000
  14. Immigrants who declare knowledge of French only and of English and French in Canada, by category of immigrants and share of total immigration, 2000
  15. Services refused in French
  16. Socio-economic conditions of immigrant taxfilers 18 and over upon arrival, by years since admission and knowledge of official languages, Canada, 1995
  17. Percentage of immigrant taxfilers 18 and over upon arrival who reported receiving Unemployment Insurance benefits, by years since admission and knowledge of official languages, 1995
  18. Average employment earnings of immigrant taxfilers 18 and over upon arrival, by years since admission and knowledge of official languages, 1995
  19. Immigrants with French mother tongue and French as a home language in selected provinces, to 1996
  20. Language transfers of Francophone immigrants, by region of origin
  21. Interprovincial mobility of immigrants, by knowledge of official languages and province immigrants landed, 1980-1995
  22. Number of immigrants by knowledge of official languages, Quebec, to 1996
  23. Knowledge of English only and English and French among immigrants upon arrival in Quebec, 1991-1995 and 1996-2000
  24. Number and percentage of immigrants with English as their first official language spoken, Quebec, to 1996
  25. English speakers by first official language spoken and mother tongue, Quebec, 1996
  26. Settlement pattern of immigrants of English mother tongue in Quebec, Montreal, and the rest of Quebec, to 1996
  27. Category of immigrants by knowledge of official languages, Quebec, 1996-2000
  28. Persons declaring visible minority membership and English mother tongue, Quebec, 1996
  29. Did the extent and quality of French language instruction that you received prepare you to be successful in Quebec?
  30. Transfers of English-mother-tongue immigrants to French spoken at home, to 1996
  31. Main reasons identified by immigrant and non-immigrant English Quebecers in a potential decision to move to another province