ARCHIVED - The Governance of Canada's Official Language Minorities: A Preliminary Study

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November 2001

LINDA CARDINAL AND MARIE-ÈVE HUDON

This research project was made possible by the support of the Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, the Forum of Federations in Ottawa, and the Centre on Governance of the University of Ottawa.

We wish to thank everyone who agreed to participate in our discussions and who facilitated our access to pertinent documentation. However, the errors are ours and the opinions in this document are solely those of the authors.

Linda Cardinal is a full professor at the Department of Political Science and a Fellow of the Centre on Governance of the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, lcardina@uottawa.ca. She is also the editor of Politique et sociétés, the journal published by the Société québécoise de science politique.

Marie-Ève Hudon has just completed a masters degree in political science at the University of Ottawa. Since October 2001, she has been a program officer with the Canadian Institutes of Health Research in Ottawa.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Specific objective
Anticipated results
Presentation of data

1. Governance study

1.1 Governance: a phenomenon of international scope
1.2 Theory of governance
1.3 Governance and coordination of action
1.4 Governance and official language minorities

2. The governance of the official language minorities in Canada

2.1 The official language minorities
2.2 The governance of the official language minorities
2.3 The institutional infrastructure supporting the governance of the official language minorities

2.3.1 The Department of Canadian Heritage

a) The Interdepartmental Partnership with the Official Language Communities
b) Agreements with the provincial and territorial governments on the development of the official language minorities
c) The Canada-community agreements

2.3.2 The Treasury Board Secretariat
2.3.3 The Department of Intergovernmental Affairs
2.3.4 Other consultative and decision-making bodies
2.3.5 The funding of activities targeted to the official language minorities: a summary

3. The Canada-community agreements and horizontal governance

3.1 Governance structure
3.2 Negotiation of the agreements
3.3 Evaluation of the agreements
3.4 The Canada-community agreements and the effectiveness of horizontal governance

3.4.1 The issue of accountability
3.4.2 The division of responsibilities
3.4.3 Interaction and the rules of the game
3.4.4 Role of the State
3.4.5 The Canada-community agreements and the development of the minority communities

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix 1 The demographic, economic and constitutional situation of the official language communities

• Table 1 Population distribution by mother tongue, by province and territory, 1996
• Table 2 Population distribution by mother tongue, home language and percentage of immigrants, by province and territory, 1996
• Table 3 Linguistic continuity in the Francophone and Acadian communities of Canada (and the Anglophone community in Quebec), by province and territory, 1971-1996
• Table 4 Distribution of average personal income among Francophones (and Anglophones in Quebec), by province and territory, 1996
• Table 5 Summary of the legal and constitutional framework on official language minority rights in Canada

Appendix 2 Coordination within Human Resources Development Canada

Appendix 3 Coordination within Health Canada

Appendix 4 Agreements between the federal government and the official language minority communities

Appendix 5 Agreements between the federal government and the provincial and territorial governments with respect to the vitality and development of the official language minority communities

Appendix 6 Funding of the Canada-community agreements for programming and development projects, by province and territory, 1994-1999

Appendix 7 Funding of the Canada-community agreements for programming and development projects, by province and territory, 1999-2005

Appendix 8 The players involved in coordinating activities related to the Canada-community agreements and their roles, 1999-2005